14.8.13

MODAL VERBS

Are auxiliary verbs,  accompanying always with a main verbs.
There are ten English modal verbs:
  • CAN: Used for possibility or capability.
          Example: Can you help me?   
  • COULD: Used for possibility or capability in past.
          Example: I could swim when i was five years old.
  • SHOULD: Used fro advice.
          Example: I should smile.
  • WOULD: With the Word "like” is preference.
         Example: Would like you the chocolate ice cream?
  • MUST: Used for obligation or supposition. 
         Example: You must come to school.
  • MUSTN’T: Used for prihibition.
          Example: You mustn’t eat at the class room.
  • MAY: Used for actions in the future or replace to verb “can”.
          Example: May i see your driver license?
  • MIGHT
  • SHALL
  • WILL
  • OUGHT TO

TRIBES OF COLOMBIA



*KOGUI = Guajira
*WITOTO = Caqueta
*NUKAC MAKU = Guaviare
*EMBERA = Choco
*GUAMBIANO = Cauca
*MUISCAS = Cundinamarca
*TICUNA = Amazonas
*KANSAS = Putumayo
*PASTO = Nariño
*ARHUACO = Cesar

TRIBES OF USA






 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
*BLACKFOOT = North of the border
 
 
 
*SIOUX = South Dakota
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
*CROW = Montana
 









*SEMINOLE = Florida






















*APACHE = Arizona, Novo Mexico and Texas

 
 
 
*NAVAJO = Arizona and Novo Mexico
 

 
 

 
 

 




CULTURE ROOTS

FAMOUS AFRICAN - AMERICAN

*NAT KING

In 1956 this Singer, song writer, producer and pianist was the first African - American to host a National T.V show.


 
 
*MOHAMED ALI
 
Cassius clay boxer's giving name he boasted that "he could fly like a butterfly and sting like bee".
 

 
 
 
 
*COLIN POWELL
In 1989 this individual was chairman of the join chief staff and became the first African - American to achieve the highest military ranking in US.
 


*CONDOLEEZZA RICE
In 2005 she become the first African - American. Female secretary of state.









 






 
 
 
 
 
 
 

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

COMPARATIVES



 
The use of comparatives form to show the difference between two object, people or thing. The formation depend on the number of syllables in the adjetive.

*Short = adjective (er) + than + complement
*Long = more + adjetive + than + complement
*Equalization = as + adjective + as + complement

  • Liz is taller than me

SUPERLATIVES


 
We use to describe the extreme quality of one thing in a group of things.
 
*Shorth = adjetive (est) + complement
*Long = teh most + adjetive + complement
 
  • Luis is the most handsome.  
  •  
ADJETIVES
 
 
 
AdjetivoComparativoSuperlativoEspañol
angryangrierangriestenfadado, enojado
badworseworstmalo
bigbiggerbiggestgrande
bitterbittererbitterestamargo, resentido, agrio
blackblackerblackestnegro
blandblanderblandestsoso
bloodybloodierbloodiestsanguinolento
bluebluerbluestdeprimido
boldbolderboldestaudaz
bossybossierbossiestmandón
bravebraverbravestvaliente
briefbrieferbriefestbreve
brightbrighterbrightestbrillante, luminoso
broadbroaderbroadestancho, amplio
busybusierbusiestocupado, ajetreado
calmcalmercalmesttranquilo
cheapcheapcheaperbarato
chewychewierchewiestcorreoso, gomoso
chubbychubbierchubbiestrechoncho
classyclassierclassiestelegante
cleancleanercleanestlimpio, sano
clearclearclearestclaro, despejado
clevercleverercleverestlisto, ingenioso
closecloserclosestcerca
cloudycloudiercloudiestnubiado
clumsyclumsierclumsiesttorpe
coarsecoarsercoarsestáspero, grosero
coldcoldercoldestfrío
coolcoolercoolestfresco
crazycraziercraziestloco
creamycreamiercreamiestcremoso
creepycreepiercreepiestespeluznante, repugnante
crispycrispiercrispiestcrujiente
cruelcruelercruelestcruel
crunchycrunchiercrunchiestcrujiente
curlycurlycurliestrizado, crespo, quebrado
curvycurviercurviestcurvo
cutecutercutestmono
dampdamperdampesthúmedo
darkdarkerdarkestoscuro, moreno
deadlydeadlierdeadliestmortal, mortífero
deepdeeperdeepestprofundo
densedenserdensestdenso
dirtydirtierdirtiestsucio
drydrierdriestseco
dulldullerdullestaburrido, soso, tonto, romo
dumbdumberdumbestestúpido
dustydustierdustiestpolvoriento
earlyearlierearliestpronto, temprano
easyeasiereasiestfacíl
faintfainterfaintestleve, tenue, vago, ligero
fairfairerfairestclaro, sereno, recto, justo
fancyfancierfanciestlujoso
farfurther/fartherfurthest/farthestlejos, distante
fastfasterfastestrápido
fatfatterfattestgordo
fewfewerfewestpocos
fiercefiercerfiercestfiero, encarnizado
filthyfilthierfilthiestaaqueroso, obsceno
finefinerfinestfino
firmfirmerfirmestfirme, estricto
fitfitterfittestapto, en forma
flakyflakierflakiestdesconchado
flatflatterflattestllano, liso, plano
freshfresherfreshestfresco, nuevo, original
friendlyfriendlierfriendliestagradable, amable, amistoso
fullfullerfullestlleno, completo
funnyfunnierfunniestgracioso, curioso, raro
gentlegentlergentlesttierno, afectuoso, suave
gloomygloomiergloomiestoscuro, abatido, decaído
goodbetterbestbueno
grandgrandergrandestgrandioso, ambicioso, impotente
gravegravergravestgrave
greasygreasiergreasiestgrasiento
greatgreatergreatestgrande, genial
greedygreediergreediestgoloso, codicioso, ávido
grossgrossergrossestasqueroso, grosero, craso
guiltyguilterguiltiestculpable
hairyhairierhairiestvelludo, peludo
handyhandierhandiestpráctivo, útil, habilidoso, mañoso
happyhappierhappiestfeliz, contento, alegre
hardharderhardestduro, difícil
harshharsherharshestáspero, duro
healthyhealthierhealthiestsano, saludable
heavyheavierheaviestpesado, grueso, fuerte, duro
highhigherhighestalto, elevado, agudo
hiphipperhippestmoderno
hothotterhottestcaliente, caluroso, picante
humblehumblerhumblesthumilde
hungryhungrierhungriesthambriento
icyiciericiesthelado, frío
itchyitchieritchiestpica
juicyjuicierjuiciestjugoso, zumoso, suculento
kindkinderkindestamable, benévolo, cariñoso
largelargerlargestgrande
latelaterlatesttarde, restrasado, reciente
lazylazierlaziestperezoso
lightlighterlightestligero, claro
likelylikelierlikeliestprobable
littlelittlerlittlestpequeño, poco
livelylivelierliveliestanimado, vivo
lonelylonlierlonliestsolitario
longlongerlongestlargo
loudlouderloudestfuerte, alto
lovelylovelierloveliestprecioso, bello, lindo
lowlowerlowestbajo
madmaddermaddestenfadado, enojado, loco
meanmeanermeanestmalo, mezquino, tacaño
messymessiermessiestsucio, desordenado, desastroso
mildmildermildestafable, suave, leve
moistmoistermoistesthúmedo
narrownarrowernarrowestestrecho, escaso
nastynastiernastiestasqueroso, desagradable
naughtynaughtiernaughtiestmalo, travieso, picante
nearnearernearestcercano, próximo
neatneaterneatestordenado, aseado, pulcro
needyneedierneediestnecesitado
newnewernewestnuevo, fresco, reciente, moderno
nicenicernicestsimpatico, agradable, bueno
noisynoisiernoisiestruidoso, clamaroso
oddodderoddestraro, extraño
oilyoilieroiliestgrasiento, aceitoso
oldolder/elderoldest/eldestviejo, anciano, antiguo
plainplainerplainestclaro, sencillo
politepoliterpolitesteducado, cortés
poorpoorerpoorestpobre
prettyprettierprettiestbonito, lindo, hermoso
proudprouderproudestorgulloso, soberbio, digno
purepurerpurestpuro
quickquickerquickestrápido
quietquieterquietesttranquillo, silencioso
rarerarerrarestraro
rawrawerrawestcrudo, agrietado
richricherrichestrico, abundante
riperiperripestmaduro, curado
riskyriskierriskiestarriesgado, peligroso
roomyroomierroomiestespacioso
roughrougherroughestáspero, tosco, bruto, ronco
ruderuderrudestmaleducado, grosero, tosco
rustyrustierrustiestoxidado
sadsaddersaddesttriste, lamentable, penoso
safesafersafestseguro
saltysaltiersaltiestsalado
sanesanersanestcuerdo, sensato
scaryscarierscariestespantoso, asustadizo
shallowshallowershallowestsuperficial, poco profundo
sharpsharpersharpestafilado, cerrado, agudo
shinyshiniershiniestbrillante, reluciente
shortshortershortestcorto, bajo, chaparro
shyshyershyesttímido
sillysilliersilliesttonto
simplesimplersimplestsencillo, simple, facíl
sinceresincerersincerestsincero, genuino
skinnyskinnierskinniestflaco
sleepysleepiersleepiestadormilado, soñoliento
slimslimmerslimmestdelgado, fino
slimyslimierslimiestviscoso, pegajoso, empalagoso
slowslowerslowestlento
smallsmallersmallestpequeño
smartsmartersmartestlisto, inteligente, agudo
smellysmelliersmelliestapestoso
smokysmokiersmokiesthumeante, ahumado
smoothsmoothersmoothestliso, suave, llano, fluido
softsoftersoftestblando, suave
soonsoonersoonestpronto
soresorersorestdolorido
sorrysorriersorriestlamentable
soursourersourestagrio, ácido
spicyspicierspiciestpicante, especiado, sazonado
steepsteepersteepestempinado, pronunciado
stingystingierstingiesttacaño, rácano, raquítico
strangestrangerstrangestraro, extraño, desconocido
strictstricterstrictestestricto, rígido
strongstrongerstrongestfuerte, sólido, intenso, marcado
sunnysunniersunniestsoleado, radiante
sweatysweatiersweatiestsudoroso
sweetsweetersweetestdulce
talltallertallestalto
tantannertannestbronceado, moreno
tastytastiertastiestrico, sabroso, apetitoso
thickthickerthickestgrueso, denso, espeso, poblado
thinthinnerthinnestdelgado, fino
thirstythirstierthirstiestsediento
tinytiniertiniestdiminuto, minúsculo
toughtoughertoughestfuerte, resistente, duro, difícil
truetruertruestcierto, verdadero, leal, fiel
uglyuglierugliestfeo
warmwarmerwarmestcaliente, templado, cálido
weakweakerweakestdébil, flojo
wealthywealthierwealthiestrico, pudiente
weirdweirderweirdestraro, extraño
wetwetterwettestmojado, húmedo, lluvioso
widewiderwidestancho, amplio, extenso
wildwilderwildestsalvaje, silvestre, descontrolado
windywindierwindiestventoso
wisewiserwisestsabio, sensato, prudente
worldlyworldlierworldliestmundano, terreno
worthyworthierworthiestvirtuoso, digno
youngyoungeryoungesjoven
 
 


















GRAMMAR TENSES

SIMPLE PRESENT

presente simple en ingles


We use it mostly to talk about daily routines and habitual actions.
Simple present = subject + do/does + verb + complement

  • I eat cup cakes in the bakery
  • Do you eat cup cakes in the bakery?
  • I don't eat cup cakes in the bakery
 
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/simple-present-1


SIMPLE CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE

The present continuous used for to express an action that is being made.
Present continuous = subject + auxiliary verb (to be) + main verb (ing) + complement

  • Fred is cooking dinner
  • Is Fred cooking dinner?
  • Fred isn't cooking dinner

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/present-progressive-1


PAST SIMPLE

The simple past used for to express an action that started and finished at a specific time in the past.
Past simple = subject + verb (past) + complment
                    = subject + did + ver + complement

  • You called Debbie.
  • Did you call Debbie?
  • You did not call Debbie.

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/simple-past-1


PAST CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE

The past continuous used for  to indicate a action that in the past was interrupted.
Past continuous = subject + was/were + verb (ing) + complement

  • You were studying when she called.
  • Were you studying when she called?
  • You were not studying when she called.

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/past-progressive-1

PRESENT PERFECT

The present perfect expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present.
Present perfect = subject + auxiliary verb (have/has) + main verb + complement

  • You have seen that movie many times.
  • Have you seen that movie many times?
  • You have not seen that movie many times.

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/present-perfect-simple-1


PAST PERFECT

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past.
Past perfect = subject + auxiliary verb (had) + main verb (past partiple) + complement

  • You had studied English before you moved to New York.
  • Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
  • You had not studied English before you moved to New York.


http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/past-perfect-simple-1

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

The Present Perfect Continuous used for to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now.
Present perfect continuous = subject + auxiliary verb (have/has) + been + main verb (ing) + complement

  • You had studied English before you moved to New York.
  • Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
  • You had not studied English before you moved to New York.

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/present-perfect-progressive-2




FAMILY TREE

Great grandfather / grandmother 
Great grandson /granddaughter / grandchildren 
Grandfather / Grandmother 
Grandson / Granddaughter / grandchildren 
Father / mother 
Son / daughter / children 
Step father / mother 
Step son / daughter 
Son / daughter / children 
Brother / sister 
Uncle / aunt 
Nephew / Niece 
Cousin 
Father / Mother-in-law 
Son / daughter-in-law 
Brother / Sister-in-law